1) Rudyard Kipling’s poem, “The White Man’s Burden” (1899), is rife with xenophobic language and imagery.

Explain how Kipling’s poem exemplifies what is often referred to as the “imperial consciousness” (the ideological

rationalization behind European colonial endeavors). Explain how the imagery and symbolism used in Kipling’s

poem reveals the ugly paternalistic and infantilizing attitudes that underpinned European “imperial consciousness”

(eg. “sullen peoples, / Half-devil(s) and half-child(ren)” who must be “brought toward the light”). In the poem,

Kipling seems incredulous that non-western colonial subjects would not jump up in thanks to their supposed

“civilizing” conquerors. Using Edward Said’s concept of “Orientalism,” explain how this hubristic attitude has been

perpetuated and deepened via academic, historical, and artistic portrayals of the ostensible “Orient” by Western

scholars, writers, and artists.