{"id":580,"date":"2022-04-06T22:01:25","date_gmt":"2022-04-06T22:01:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/highclasswriters.com\/blog\/?p=580"},"modified":"2022-04-06T22:01:26","modified_gmt":"2022-04-06T22:01:26","slug":"rape-as-mathod-of-ethnic-conflict","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/highclasswriters.com\/blog\/rape-as-mathod-of-ethnic-conflict\/","title":{"rendered":"Rape as Mathod of Ethnic Conflict"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Rape as a Method of Ethnic Cleansing: The Case of the Bosnian Muslims<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>General Outline<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Introduction<ul><li>Introduce the Yugoslav Ethnic Conflict<ul><li>Different nations<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Ethnic tensions<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Serb-Led Yugoslav government and its main objectives to enlarge the Serb-enhabited regions within the Balkans<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Theoretical Framework of Rape as a tool for ethnic cleansing<ul><li>Use the case of Rwanda as the main framework<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Different Sections<ul><li>Rape was employed for Three main reasons<ul><li>Due to the rise of exclusive nationalist ideologies<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Because of Mixed Population<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Reality needs to match ideology<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Exclusive Nationalist ideologies<ul><li>The need to scapegoat Bosnian Muslims for Yugoslavia\u2019s social ills<ul><li>The \u201cus\u201d vs \u201cthem\u201d of Serb-Bosnians and the Muslim Bosnians<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li>The rise of Serb-Rebel group in Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>The Serb-led Yugoslav government needing to get Bosnia and Herzegovina under Serbs<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>The Serb-Dominated areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina aiming to join greater Serbia<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Mixed Population<ul><li>The diversity of ethnic groups within Bosnia and Herzegovina and greater Yugoslavia<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>The internal need to scapegoat Bosnian Muslims for Bosnia and Herzegovina\u2019s social ills<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Change reality to match ideology<ul><li>Rape as a tool<ul><li>Force Bosnian Muslims to leave through ethnic cleansing or genecide<ul><li>Create less diverse population\u2013hegemonic society of just one ethnic group<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li>&nbsp;Make Bosnian Muslims become us through the birth of Serb children<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Results<ul><li>Findings of the <em>Different Sections<\/em><\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Any data collected within the <em>Different Sections<\/em>?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Discussion<ul><li>Discussion of the findings<ul><li>H1: Rape employed on the bodies of an imagined enemy in order to rid Muslim Bosnians from the Balkans region (force them to leave) or perhaps the world (ethnic cleansing)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>H2: The usage of rape as a weapon of war is due to existing cultural<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>H3: The coping of victims of rape in the Bosnian Muslim community brought about variety of angles and can be looked through two different perspectives: the victims prospectives and the mainstream society.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Possible Research Design I have drafted for this project:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Research Design<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><td>General Topic<\/td><td>Rape in Civil War<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Research Question<\/td><td>How was rape used as weapon for the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims in former Yugoslavia and what methods were employed in the process?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dependent Variable<\/td><td>Usage of Rape in as a method of Ethnic cleansing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Case<\/td><td>Employment of Rape as a Method of Ethnic Cleansing in former Yugoslavia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Independent Variables<\/td><td>Women\u2019s Body as a representative of a NationExisting border disputes in relation to Nationalism born from different actorsSexual violence in relations to culture before war, during conflict, and post conflict<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hypothesis<\/td><td>H1: Rape employed on the bodies of an imagined enemy in order to rid Muslim Bosnians from the Balkans or perhabs the worldH2: The usage of rape as a weapon of war is due to existing cultural The coping of victims of rape in the Bosnian Muslim community brought about variety of angles and can be looked through two different perspectives: the victims prospectives and the mainstream society.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Operationalization of Variables<\/td><td>Dependent Variable Usage of Rape as a method of Ethnic Cleansing<em>Measurement 1: <\/em>Ethnic conflict between Serbs and Bosnian Muslims<em>Measurement 2: <\/em>The creation of rape camps and systemic sexual violence towards Bosnian Muslim Women by the Serb-led Yugoslav government<em>Measurement 3: <\/em>Rape counts associated with ethnic cleansing innitiatives by the Serbs Independent Variables Women\u2019s Body as a representative of a Nation<em>Measurement 1: <\/em>A look at literature works available on the body of women and the nation<em>Measurement 2: <\/em>Reports on the employment of rape as a way to end Bosnian Muslim population<em>Measurement: <\/em>impregnation of Muslim Bosnian women by the numbersExisting border disputes in relation to the need for one ethnic group to exile another from the region<em>Measurement 1: <\/em>The different border disputes (ie Serbs vs Bosniaks; Serbs vs Croats, etc)<em>Measurement 2: <\/em>The need for a hegemonic national identityNationalism born from different actors<em>Measurement 1: <\/em>Examination of the need for a hegemonic national identity<em>Measurement 2: <\/em>The born of a nation through womanhoodSexual violence in relations to culture before war, during conflict, and post conflict<em>Measurement 1: <\/em>Assessment of domestic violence before, during, and post war<em>Measurement 2: <\/em>Sexual violence from the perspective of the Muslim Bosnian community and the perpetrators Gender relations and cultural perspective as a driving force for rape against Muslim Bosnian women<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References to be Used<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aydelott, D. (1993). Mass rape during war: prosecuting bosnian rapists under International Law.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Emory Int&#8217;l L. Rev.<\/em>, <em>7<\/em>, 585.<br>Benard, C. (1994). Rape as terror: The case of Bosnia. <em>Terrorism and Political Violence<\/em>, <em>6<\/em>(1),<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 29-43.<br>Brown, S. E. (2017). <em>Gender and the genocide in Rwanda: Women as rescuers and perpetrators<\/em>.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CRC Press.<br>Bumet, J. E. (2012). Situating sexual violence in Rwanda (1990\u20132001): sexual agency, sexual<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; consent, and the political economy of war. <em>African Studies Review<\/em>, <em>55<\/em>(2), 97-118.<br>Farwell, N. (2004). War rape: New conceptualizations and responses. <em>Affilia<\/em>, <em>19<\/em>(4), 389-403.<br>Haider, H. (2017).Gender and conflict in the Western Balkans.K4D Helpdesk Report.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.<br>Hansen, L. (2001). Gener, Nation, Rape: Bosnia and the Construction of Security.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>International Feminist Journal of Politics<\/em>, 55-75.<br>Hunt, S. (2004). Muslim women in the Bosnian crucible. <em>Sex roles<\/em>, <em>51<\/em>(5), 301-317.<br>Jones, A. (2002). Gender and genocide in Rwanda. <em>Journal of genocide research<\/em>, <em>4<\/em>(1), 65-94.<br>Kepkay, J. (2011). Gendercide in Bosnian war. <em>On Politics<\/em>, <em>5<\/em>(1).<br>Kohn, E. A. (1994). Rape as a weapon of war: Women&#8217;s human rights during the dissolution of<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yugoslavia. <em>Golden Gate UL Rev.<\/em>, <em>24<\/em>, 199.<br>Kovalovska, A. (1996). Rape of muslim women in wartime Bosnia. <em>ILSA J. Int&#8217;l &amp; Comp. L.<\/em>, <em>3<\/em>,<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 931.<br>Kozaric\u2010Kovacic, D., Folnegovic\u2010Smalc, V., Skrinjaric, J., Szajnberg, N. M., &amp; Marusic, A.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (1995). Rape, torture, and traumatization of Bosnian and Croatian women: psychological<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; sequelae. <em>American journal of orthopsychiatry<\/em>, <em>65<\/em>(3), 428-433.<br>Morus, C. M. (2012). War rape and the global condition of womanhood: Learning from the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bosnian war. <em>Rape: Weapon of war and genocide<\/em>, 45-60.<br>Mullins, C. W. (2009). \u2018We Are Going to Rape You and Taste Tutsi Women\u2019 Rape during the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1994 Rwandan Genocide. <em>The British Journal of Criminology<\/em>, <em>49<\/em>(6), 719-735.<br>Patel, K. R. (1994). Recognizing the rape of Bosnian women as gender-based persecution.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Brook. L. Rev.<\/em>, <em>60<\/em>, 929.<br>Mufti\u0107, L. R., &amp; Bouffard, L. A. (2008). Bosnian women and intimate partner violence:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Differences in experiences and attitudes for refugee and nonrefugee women. <em>Feminist<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Criminology<\/em>, <em>3<\/em>(3), 173-190.<br>Rajiva, M., &amp; Tak\u0161eva, T. (2021). Thinking against trauma binaries: the interdependence of<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; personal and collective trauma in the narratives of Bosnian women rape survivors.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Feminist Theory<\/em>, <em>22<\/em>(3), 405-427.<br>Salzman, T.A. (1998). Rape Camps as a Means of Ethnic Cleansing: Religious,<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cultural, and Ethical Responses to Rape Victims in the Former Yugoslavia.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Human Rights Quarterly, <\/em>348-378.<br>Simic, O. (2017). The Multiple Roles of Women in the Bosnian War: Victims,<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ex-Combatants, Peace Builders, and Perpetrators.<br>Skjelsb\u00e6k, I. (2006). <em>Voicing silence: A political psychological analysis of the aftermath of the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bosnian War rapes<\/em>. Fakultet for samfunnsvitenskap og teknologiledelse.<br>Stojsavljevic, J. (1995). Women, Conflict, and Culture in Former Yugoslavia. <em>Gender<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; and Development<\/em>, 36-41.<br>Snyder, C. S., Gabbard, W. J., May, J. D., &amp; Zulcic, N. (2006). On the battleground of women&#8217;s<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; bodies: Mass rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina. <em>Affilia<\/em>, <em>21<\/em>(2), 184-195.<br>Yuval-Davis, N. (1993). Gender and Nation. <em>Ethnic and Racial Studies<\/em>,621-631<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rape as a Method of Ethnic Cleansing: The Case of the Bosnian Muslims General Outline Introduction Introduce the Yugoslav Ethnic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-580","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.9 - 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