PART A: Answer each of the following questions in a composition of 10 complete sentences. Each worth 20 points.

1. Discuss the strength and limitations of observation as a data collection method.
2. What are the three types of budgets in organizations where research is purchases and cost containment is crucial? List and describe each one, including its advantages and disadvantages.
3. Compare and contrast stratified sampling and cluster sampling.

PART B: Answer each of the following questions in 3 complete sentences. Each worth 4 points.

1. What’s the difference between applied research and basic research?
2. What are the four characteristics of effective codes of ethics? Is any characteristic critical for the effectiveness of the codes?
3. What are the three levels of information sources? Provide examples for each level.
4. Explain the meaning of nonresponse error. How can researchers reduce the potential for nonresponse error?
5. Explain the three characteristics of a good measurement tool.
6. What are the steps in drafting and refining a survey instrument?
7. What’s cross-tabulation? What can a research determine through the use of cross-tabulation?
8. Briefly explain how a researcher can benefit from using scatterplots.
9. What are five questions that must be answered in order to create a sampling design?
10. What are the three types of evidence a researcher seeks when testing causal hypotheses? Explain.