1. Explain what is the most abundant species of a monovalent weak acid (HAc) at pH << pKa (where Ka is the dissociation constant for the acid HAc)? How does the concentration of species (i.e., HAc and Ac-) vary with pH? Why? No need to write any equation.

2. Explain the difference between radiogenic isotopes and stable isotopes in terms of their origins and properties. Discuss the specific applications of radiogenic isotopes and stable isotopes.  You can give some examples to clarify your explanation and discussion.

3. Discuss Chapman reactions and use Chapman mechanisms to explain ozone concentration O3 depletion in the stratosphere associated with the ozone hole in the atmosphere over the Antarctic polar region.

4. Based on a hypothetic model prediction, the atmospheric CO2 is expected to have doubled in a few decades, which can cause the earth’s temperature (especially at high latitude) to rise significantly.   Based on your best knowledge, discuss the possible changes in gaseous CO2 concentrations, dissolved inorganic carbon species, alkalinity and pH values in the oceanic CO2 system as the consequences of atmospheric CO2 system change.   You can make reasonable assumptions.  However, your answer must be based on the scientific principles and reaction mechanisms.

5. The figure below depicts analcite, albite, sodium montmorillonite, kaolinite and gibbsite on a stability diagram.  Plot points for each water sample listed below on the graph.  (Show all calculations and you may plot values as concentrations, even though the axes for the graph are labeled as activities).  Then, referring to the figure below and the points that you have just plotted, what generally applicable or predictive information can be derived about these minerals when placed in the different solution?