A disorder is a syndrome that exists in individuals with clinically significant impairment of behavioral, motional regulation, or cognitive function. These disorders are thought to reflect the biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction required for mental function. Autism spectrum disorders are developmental disorders that can cause a variety of social interaction, communication, and behavioral challenges. Since autism affects approximately 1 in 150 per 1000 kids (Maenner, Shaw, 2018). Therefore, it is very important to know the limitation they have, how to identify the symptoms and, the types of treatment they get.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a very common disease 1 in 160 new babies worldwide have autism, and the causes of it still unknown. ASD is a mysterious disorder that scientists do not understand. Autism was first diagnosed in the 1940s, but little has been discovered since then, and it remains a mystery today. (Landrigan, 2010). When children are born, they show no signs of autism, but as they grow older, the symptoms begin to develop further, and last a lifetime. Children with ASD have limitations in social communication. Deficiencies in social communication include unresponsiveness to names, resistance to hugging, resistance to hold things, delayed speech, abnormal intonations, repeated words and phrases, abnormal conversation patterns, and social initiation. Inappropriate social greetings, including reactions, eye contact disorders, facial expression disorders, emotional and emotional expression disorders, interest sharing disorders, gesture disorders, non-verbal social cues (Ali, Fazil, 2022). The severity of ASD varies widely and is based on the extent to which social communication, activity-environmental identity claims, and repetitive behavioral patterns affect an individual’s daily functioning. Many people with ASD find it difficult to interact socially, may not respond to their name, avoid eye contact with others, and interact only with others to achieve certain goals. They often do not understand how to play or interact with other children and prefer to be alone. In addition, people with ASD can be difficult to understand using nonverbal cues such as gestures, body language, and voice tones. Many children with ASD exhibit repetitive movements and abnormal behaviors such as arm flutters, swings from side to side, and rotates (National Institutes of Health, 2022). There are some studies with Twins and family says that there are people with genetic predisposition to autism. The same twin research indicates that the twin is affected, and the other indicates that it is affected between 36 and 95 percent of time. There are many studies to determine specific genetic factors associated with the onset of ASD. A family with ASD is a family of children rising to have a second child with a second child. Many genes related to autism are involved in the function of the compounds during brain neurons (NIH, 2022).
As of today, ASD is not curable. Therapies and behavioral interventions are designed to treat specific symptoms, and some of them can be treated with medication. One of the most important treatments is teaching children social skills. “It is important to teach social skills to children with ASD. Developing appropriate social skills ultimately promotes natural language among children with ASD (Leaf, 2017). Leaf and colleagues (2017) also explained that social interactions increase the likelihood of peer approval for children with ASD and hence ultimately increase further opportunities to communicate with others (Ali, Fazil, 2022)”. However, there are strategies to help and make bigger social initiation and social responding among human beings with ASD. Teaching to increase social interactions/social greetings which incorporates social initiations and social responding has been efficaciously developed beneath the primarily based format of DTT in the course of the world. Social initiations and social responding were developed through manner of approach of researchers e.g. (Hendrickson et al., 1982; Nientimp and Cole, 1992; Zanolli and Daggett 1998; Stevenson, 2000; Garfinkle and Schwartz, 2002; Whalen, 2006; Carr, 2007; Schrandt, 2009; Yun et al., 2014; Tzanakaki et al., 2014; Garcia-Albea, 2014; Groskreutz, 2015; and Hood, 2015 (Ali, Fazil, 2022)”. DTT is one of the most extensively researched ABA-based instructional methodologies, showing significant gains in the development of many abilities among children with ASD. It was created in 1970 at the University of California in Los Angeles by psychologists Ivar Lovaas and Robert Koegel. It was first used with children with ASD by (Lovaas, 1987), who based it on: 1) Skinnerian principles of operant learning, which occurs through rewards or punishments for the required behavior (s); and 2) Skinner’s functional account of language (Skinner, 1957and Skinner, 2014), which uses highly structured drill-like activities involving the following strategies: 1) shaping; 2) prompting; 3) prompt fading; and 4) tangible reinforcement to develop language skills. It is among the various types of structured teaching strategies and is a very effective way to teach and develop a wide range of skills, such as self-help skills, academic skills, expressive language skills, receptive language skills, etc (Ali, Fazil, 2022).
In conclusion the understanding and learning of Autism Spectrum Disorder it’s very important because these last few years the number of kids born with ASD has increased. Also, we need to know the symptoms and how therapy can be helpful to them. In addition, when people have kids need to know how to identify if it has ASD.
References
Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Bakian AV, et al. Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018. MMWR Surveill Summ 2021;70(No. SS-11):1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1
Ali, H. H., & Fazil, H. (2022). Efficacy of Discrete Trial Training in Developing Social- Communication Skills in Children with Autism. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 32(1), 251. https://0624kod0l-mp01-y-https-www-proquest-com.prx-keiser.lirn.net/scholarly-journals/efficacy-discrete-trial-training-developing/docview/2627931783/se-2?accountid=35796
Landrigan, P. J. (2010). What causes autism? Exploring the environmental contribution. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 22(2):219–225.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Autism spectrum disorder . Autism Spectrum Disorder . Retrieved March 24, 2022, https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/APA_DSM-5-Autism-Spectrum-Disorder.pdf#:~:text=tal%20Disorders%20%28DSM-5%29%20is%20to%20autism%20spectrum%20disorder,useful%20way%20of%20diagnosing%20individuals%20with%20autism-related%20disorders.
National Institutes of Health. (2022, January 19). Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 24, 2022. Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (nih.gov)