Name: A brief history of Artificial intelligence: on the past, present, and the future of artificial intelligence
Article # 1
What is the future of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning? What are the advantages and disadvantages of AI and machine learning in human life
Bibliographic information for this article (including: author(s), title of article, name of journal, volume and issue of journal, year of publication, page range, DOI.) Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. (2019). A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: On the Past, Present, and Future of Artificial Intelligence. California Management Review, 61(4), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619864925
Key points and terms/main ideas/quotes
Notes (your response, questions, connections to other texts)
Main idea: This article explains the history of AI by giving its past, present, and predicted future. Key points: The pastThe birth of AIThe ups and downs of AIThe harvestThe presentThe futureMicro-perspective: regulation with respect to algorithm and organizationMeso- perspective: regulation with respect to employmentMacro- perspective: regulation with respect to democracy and peace
Notes: AI can be classified into analytical, human-inspired, and humanized AI depending on the types of intelligence it exhibitsThe roots of AI can be traced back to 1940s. Three laws of robotics by the writer Isaac Asimova robot may not injure a human beinga robot must obey the orders given to it by human beingswithout conflicting the first lawa robot must protect its own existence without conflicting the first and second lawone of the biases: research shows that the sensors used in self-driving cars are better in detecting lighter skin tones than darker ones.
How does this article respond to your research question? Which part does it answer? What does it not answer? How does this article relate to or explore similar research questions, gaps, definitions, arguments, from other research articles that you have found and annotated? This article broadly describes what AI is and its history. It also predicts how the future of AI shell be and what are the regulations. This article answers a huge part of my research question by giving a light view of the future of AI.
Name: Artificial Intelligence (AI) application for Covid-19 Pandemic
Article # 2
What is the future of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning? What are the advantages and disadvantages of AI and machine learning in human life
Bibliographic information for this article (including: author(s), title of article, name of journal, volume and issue of journal, year of publication, page range, DOI.) Vaishya, R., Javaid, M., Khan, I. H., & Haleem, A. (2020). Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications for COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(4), 337–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.012
Key points and terms/main ideas/quotes
Notes (your response, questions, connections to other texts)
Main idea: The purpose of this article is to persuade the reader about the benefits which AI have provided during the pandemic. It also explains the main application of the AI step by step during the pandemic. Key points: evidence-based medical toolhigh accuracy and reduces complexityreduces the total number of steps taken in the whole processhelps to develop a new diagnosis and management system for the COVID 19 cases, through useful algorithmsuseful for drug delivery design and development.can be used to predict the probable sites of infectioncan help in developing proper treatment regimens, prevention strategies, drug, and vaccine development
Notes: AI is one of such technology which can easily track the spread of this virus, identifies the high-risk patients, and is useful in controlling this infection in real-time. It can also predict mortality risk by adequately analyzing the previous data of the patientsit reduces the total number of steps taken in the whole process, making more procurable in nature.Main applications of AI in COVID-19 pandemicI) Early detection and diagnosis of the infectionII) Monitoring the treatmentIII) Contact tracing of the individualsIV) Projection of cases and mortalityV) Development of drugs and vaccinesVI) Reducing the workload of healthcare workersVII) Prevention of the disease Response: This article helps reader understand the usefulness of AI to the healthcare system during a pandemic. Even though, the article points out the benefits of AI during pandemic, it is very clear that AI can change the future of healthcare system by performing the best based on given algorithm significantly improve treatment consistency of the patients. Question: Although AI has helped the healthcare system significantly during a pandemic and hopefully it can continue benefiting the healthcare workers, what are the chances of AI taking over the jobs and make most workers unemployed?
How does this article respond to your research question? Which part does it answer? What does it not answer? How does this article relate to or explore similar research questions, gaps, definitions, arguments, from other research articles that you have found and annotated? This article talks about the benefits and usefulness of AI. It supports my research question in a positive way that AI can be helpful in the future more then doing the harm.
Name: Machine learning: trends, perspectives, and prospects
Article # 3
What is the future of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning? What are the advantages and disadvantages of AI and machine learning in human life
Bibliographic information for this article (including: author(s), title of article, name of journal, volume and issue of journal, year of publication, page range, DOI.) Jordan, M. I., & Mitchell, T. M. (2015). Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects. Science, 349(6245), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa8415
Key points and terms/main ideas/quotes
Notes (your response, questions, connections to other texts)
Main idea: This article talks in depth about what is machine learning, what is the process and types of algorithms used for machine learning, and the future expectations for machine learning.
Notes: Machine learning is focused on two questions: How can one construct computer systems that automatically improve through experienceWhat are the fundamental statisticalcomputational-information-theoretic laws that govern all learning systems, including computers, humans, and organizations?Within artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning has emerged as the method of choice for developing practical software for computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, robot control, and other applicationmachine-learning algorithms can be viewed as searching through a large space of candidate programs, guided by training experience, to find a program that optimizes the performance metricOne high-impact area of progress in supervised learning in recent years involves deep networks, which are multilayer networks of threshold units, each of which computes some simple parameterized function of its inputs.A third major machine-learning paradigm is reinforcement learningCommunication is another resource that needs to be managed within the overall context of a distributed learning systemA major goal of this general line of research is to bring the kinds of statistical resources studied in machine learning (e.g., number of data points, dimension of a parameter, and complexity of a hypothesis class) into contact with the classical computational resources of time and space
How does this article respond to your research question? Which part does it answer? What does it not answer? How does this article relate to or explore similar research questions, gaps, definitions, arguments, from other research articles that you have found and annotated? This article helps me answer the most important question which is what the expected outcome from machine learning are. It also explains what ismachine learning in a very informative way.
Name: Machine-Learning-Based Positioning: A Survey and Future Direction
Article # 4
What is the future of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning? What are the advantages and disadvantages of AI and machine learning in human life
Bibliographic information for this article (including: author(s), title of article, name of journal, volume and issue of journal, year of publication, page range, DOI.) Li, Z., Xu, K., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., & Shen, M. (2019). Machine-Learning-Based Positioning: A Survey and Future Directions. IEEE Network, 33(3), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2019.1800366
Key points and terms/main ideas/quotes
Notes (your response, questions, connections to other texts)
Main idea: This article describes the basic taxonomy of location-based services and summarizes the major issues associated with the design of the related systems. Key-points: Internet of thingsLBS (Location-Based-Service)Outdoor localizationIndoor localization Deep learning for LBSTransfer learning for LBSRSSI (Received Signal Based Indication)Privacy and data sharing
How does this article respond to your research question? Which part does it answer? What does it not answer? How does this article relate to or explore similar research questions, gaps, definitions, arguments, from other research articles that you have found and annotated?
Name: Impacts of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence on Mankind
Article # 5
What is the future of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning? What are the advantages and disadvantages of AI and machine learning in human life
Bibliographic information for this article (including: author(s), title of article, name of journal, volume and issue of journal, year of publication, page range, DOI.) Nayak, A., & Dutta, K. (2017). Impacts of machine learning and artificial intelligence on mankind. 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control (I2C2). https://doi.org/10.1109/i2c2.2017.8321908
Key points and terms/main ideas/quotes
Notes (your response, questions, connections to other texts)
Main idea: This article talks about the applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence in depth. It also talks about how developers have created NPC (non-player character) for games that have certain psychological aspects such as personality, mood, relationship which allows the NPC to appear as realistic and reactive. This article also talks about the negative side of the growing technology of AI and how it can affect negatively in the future.
Notes: Models are designed on complex algorithm which would help achieve an adaptable system that would continuously grow intelligent depending on the nature of search hits, human interactions, and the response it generatesMachine learning application includes: Face detection and recognitionVisual perceptionClassificationAdaptive systemModeling Speech and image processingAutomation Solving problemsGeneticsAnomaly detection Negative side effects of AI: Scalable oversightSafe explorationReplacing humansSelf-destruction of mankind
How does this article respond to your research question? Which part does it answer? What does it not answer? How does this article relate to or explore similar research questions, gaps, definitions, arguments, from other research articles that you have found and annotated? This article supports my research question by providing both positive and negative side of AI and machine learning which will help me build a strong answer.
Name: The Effects of Example-based Explanations in a Machine Learning Interface
Article # 6
What is the future of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning? What are the advantages and disadvantages of AI and machine learning in human life
Bibliographic information for this article (including: author(s), title of article, name of journal, volume and issue of journal, year of publication, page range, DOI.) Cai, C. J., Jongejan, J., & Holbrook, J. (2019). The effects of example-based explanations in a machine learning interface. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1145/3301275.3302289
Key points and terms/main ideas/quotes
Notes (your response, questions, connections to other texts)
Main idea: In this article, the writers investigate how example-based explanation can be used to explain algorithmic results using visual examples. After investigating using a sketch recognition on an online platform, they found the result which indicates that examples can serve as a vehicle for explaining algorithmic behavior but point to relative advantages and disadvantages of using different kinds of examples, depending on the goal. Key points: Normative explanationComparative explanation Human computer interaction
Notes: Two types of example-basedexplanation in a machine learning interface explained: Normative explanationComparative explanation normative explanations aim to establish a norm for what drawings look like in the intended class by show training examples from that classComparative explanations show comparisons between the user’s sketch and the most similar examples from distractor classes Summary: This article provides the investigation that was done based on the example-based explanation in a machine learning interface. They used algorithms to explain different sketches to the machine and later launched the program to an online platform to test it where 1150 users drew anything they wanted, and the program had to guess the sketch or provide similar result. The study was conducted in two types: normative and comparative. The result of the study was that normative explanation had better understanding comparing to comparative explanation.
How does this article respond to your research question? Which part does it answer? What does it not answer? How does this article relate to or explore similar research questions, gaps, definitions, arguments, from other research articles that you have found and annotated? This article provides information of a study that shows how a machine learning works and which type of algorithm is more beneficial in this case. It supports the answer of my question and explains the machine learning process.
Name:
Article # 7
What is the future of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning? What are the advantages and disadvantages of AI and machine learning in human life
Bibliographic information for this article (including: author(s), title of article, name of journal, volume and issue of journal, year of publication, page range, DOI.)
Key points and terms/main ideas/quotes
Notes (your response, questions, connections to other texts)
How does this article respond to your research question? Which part does it answer? What does it not answer? How does this article relate to or explore similar research questions, gaps, definitions, arguments, from other research articles that you have found and annotated?
Name:
Article # 8
What is the future of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning? What are the advantages and disadvantages of AI and machine learning in human life
Bibliographic information for this article (including: author(s), title of article, name of journal, volume and issue of journal, year of publication, page range, DOI.)
Key points and terms/main ideas/quotes
Notes (your response, questions, connections to other texts)
How does this article respond to your research question? Which part does it answer? What does it not answer? How does this article relate to or explore similar research questions, gaps, definitions, arguments, from other research articles that you have found and annotated?